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The latest issue of Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego (ZNUJ) features my article entitled “Legal classification of a work in civil proceedings.” In it, I focus on assessing whether the qualification of fulfilling the prerequisite of “individual character of the work” is a factual circumstance or a legal circumstance of the dispute. The consequences of adopting one or the other concept are far-reaching. For example, recognizing that this is a factual circumstance of the dispute does not allow a cassation appeal to be based on the incorrect classification of a work, while recognizing that this is a legal circumstance excludes the obligation to prove this classification by the defendant (no burden of proof), placing the burden on the court in this regard. In my opinion, the classification of the fulfillment of the individual character requirement constitutes the application of law (subsumption) and is a legal circumstance of the dispute. Consequently, it should be recognized that: 1) the plaintiff is not required to prove that the work fulfills the characteristic of individual creativity; 2) the plaintiff is only required to prove the facts allowing for the assessment of the individual character of the work – in practice, the provision of the original or a copy of the work (or a request for inspection) should be sufficient; 3) there is only a pragmatic expediency (but no obligation) to present to the court indirect facts aimed at directing the court’s attention to those features of the work which, by way of subsumption, it should take into account when applying the law (expediency resulting from the argumentative aspect of the civil dispute); 4) in the case of demonstrating copyright infringement by another entity, the claimant is obliged to indicate the elements of the work taken over by the other entity (factual circumstance), while the qualification of whether these fragments meet the condition of individual character is also incumbent on the court (as a legal circumstance); 5) there is no need to raise an objection of infringement of substantive law in an appeal – the court of second instance is obliged to examine this circumstance ex officio; 6) it is possible to lodge a cassation appeal on the grounds of incorrect qualification of the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the individual character criterion by the work. Link to the article: https://sip.lex.pl/#/publication/151531666/markiewicz-michal-kwalifikacja-prawna-utworu-w-postepowaniu-cywilnym

An article by Tomasz Ciechoński appeared on the prawo.pl portal concerning the high-profile case of the use of Lego packaging bearing the image of Roman Giertych, to which I provided a brief comment. The case is interesting in that it touches on the issue of intellectual property rights restrictions (fair use), which are not regulated in the same way for all rights. In the case in question, copyright law allows for the right to parody, but there is no direct equivalent for well-known trademarks. The opinion of Advocate General Prof. Maciej Szpunar in the Ikea case suggests that the Court may move towards prohibiting the use of trademarks in political campaigns without the consent of the right holder, except in situations where, as the Advocate General points out: “the statement (…) is related to the use of the sign in the context of political discourse and political debate, concerns the trademark, the owner or his goods or services, or that the owner himself, through his previous conduct, has engaged in the debate in question, which is in the general interest.” In the Lego case, however, we are dealing with journalistic activity, and this circumstance may influence the interpretation of the “legitimate reason” criterion, balancing the right to a trademark with fundamental rights, including freedom of expression. Link to the article: https://www.prawo.pl/biznes/pozew-za-fikcyjny-zestaw-klockow-lego-i-wlasnosc-intelektualna,536646.html

This time, together with Dziennik Gazeta Prawna, Michał Markiewicz, and Ryszard Markiewicz, we invite you to “Kłótnia Markiewiczów” (The Markiewicz Argument) and an episode in which we discuss artificial intelligence and its impact on current copyright structures, including, among others, the presumption of authorship of a work. We also consider whether copyright law in its current form can survive the development of new technology. We invite you to watch and continue the discussion. Link to the material in the comment. Link to the article: https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wideo/klotnie-markiewiczow/wideo/10615216,czy-ai-moze-miec-prawa-autorskie-klotnie-markiewiczow.html

In today’s Dziennik Gazeta Prawna, Dr. Michał Markiewicz answers questions from editor Renata Krupa-Dąbrowska about Santa Claus, industrial designs, and copyright law. He recalls, among other things, the excellent campaign by Bartosz Fert, which led to the invalidation of the Community design (now EU design ;)) covering Santa Claus’s costume. However, designs alone are not everything; attempts were also made to use copyright to monopolize Santa Claus’s costume. And who came up with the now globally accepted look of Santa Claus? This is also discussed in a short interview. I would like to take this opportunity to wish you all a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year! Link to the article: https://serwisy.gazetaprawna.pl/prawo-autorskie/artykuly/10608584,kto-ma-prawa-do-swietego-mikolaja-w-razie-sporu-decyduje-sad.html

An article by Wiktoria Matysiak, a trainee legal advisor, appeared in the latest, almost New Year’s Eve issue of ZNUJ. To quote the author, “The text concerns a phenomenon (construction?) that I learned about a few years ago in one of my first copyright law classes and about which I have heard little since. Perhaps this is because many approached it with a grain of salt. But since the existence of parallel works has recently been confirmed by the CJEU itself (judgment in the MIO/konektra case), I encourage you to read it all the more.” Link to the article:https://sip.lex.pl/#/publication/151531663

To quote the professor: “I was inspired to write addendum no. 12, entitled ‘Shoes in copyright law,’ by a shoe from a salt mine displayed in the office of my friend, who is also known for his excellent photo albums. Descriptions of the lawsuits concerning shoes and sandals were a pretext for a few somewhat trivial comments.” Firstly, it can be observed that in cases concerning consumer goods, the plaintiff, as a precaution, raises all theoretically possible grounds for protection, usually including the allegation of copyright infringement, regardless of the real chances of it being upheld. Secondly, disputes concerning industrial designs clearly show how vague the criteria for the characteristics of a work are and how intuitive their application is. Moreover, in EU countries, despite formally common rules for determining the existence of a work, there are fundamental differences in the “severity” of assessments as to whether a given product already meets the required degree of creativity. Thirdly, it seems that in the case of industrial designs, allowing their cumulative protection under the provisions on works, trademarks, and industrial designs often leads to abuse of the copyright protection function—which is particularly long and restrictive, as it is geared towards a different type of creativity and other interests deserving of protection. Link to the article: https://www.prawo.pl/biznes/prawo-autorskie-i-wzory-przemyslowe-prof-markiewicz-o-butach,536378.html

We wish all our friends, acquaintances, and followers on LinkedIn a joyful celebration, or at least a good rest, and then a successful start to the New Year 2026, wherever you may be.